Nato agrees spike in defence spending and stresses 'ironclad' security guarantee

The 32 leaders also said they were reaffirming their "ironclad commitment to collective defence".

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In a statement they said they were united against "profound security threats and challenges, in particular the long-term threat posed by Russia to Euro-Atlantic security and the persistent threat of terrorism".

However, there was no mention of Russian aggression in its war in Ukraine, which there had been a year ago.

Nato leaders did reaffirm their "ironclad commitment to collective defence" - the Article Five mutual security guarantee if any one member comes under attack.

"No-one should doubt our capacity or determination should our security be challenged," said Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte. "This is a stronger, fairer and more lethal alliance that our leaders have begun to build".